Lifting the corporate veil free essay sample

The acknowledgment that an organization is a different lawful element particular from its investors is regularly communicated as the â€Å"veil of incorporation†. General guideline, when an organization is joined, the courts as a rule don't look behind the cover to ask why the organization was or who truly controls it. Anyway in specific circumstances, the court will disregard the different lawful character of an organization and look to the individuals/controllers of the organization is â€Å"lifting the veil†. This would include rewarding the privilege or liabilities or exercises of the organization as the rights or liabilities or exercises of its investors, for instance rewarding the business od an organization as that of its central investor. Lifting the corporate cover is something explicitly approved by rule (legal special cases) and something it is embraced by the courts (legal exemption). Legal EXCEPTIONS - When individuals become under 2. Organizations Act 1956 states that â€Å"if at any residual part has a half year to discover another part, after which the court will lift the corporate cloak and hold the sole part subject for all obligations of the company† Exceptions for this situation: (an) If the sole part didn't know that he was the main outstanding part; or (b) The sole part is a holding organization claiming the whole portions of the organization concerned (a completely possessed organization). We will compose a custom paper test on Lifting the corporate cloak or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that an official of an organization signs or issue or approves the marking or issuance of specific instruments for the organization, on which the company’s name doesn't show up appropriately - Section 121(2) Companies Act 1956 states that â€Å"such official will be by and by liable† The name of the organization must show up in letters on all bill of trade, promissory notes, checks, debatable instrument, supports and requests. On the off chance that the name of the organization isn't appropriately referenced on any of these archives, the individual who marked or gave the report is subject to the holder of the record for the sum due, except if the organization pays upon the instrument. - If the organization carries on its business for a deceitful reason: Section 304(1) and (5) Companies Act 1956 states that â€Å"where any business of the organization has been conveyed put with purpose to dupe leaser of the organization, the court may make the people who were intentionally involved with the fake exchanging might be by and by at risk for obligation or different liabilities of the company†. When an obligation is contracted in the interest of an organization, the official of the organization had no sensible desire that the organization would have the option to pay the obligation: Section 303 (3) and 304(2) Companies Act 1956 states that â€Å"such official will be by and by liable†. In other word, that official might be blameworthy of an offense and on conviction, he might be obligated to pay of the entire or any piece of the obligation so contracted. - Transactions by an organization which have the impact of staying away from or avoiding charge: Section 140(1) o Companies Act the Income Tax Act 1967 states that â€Å"give the privilege the Director-General of Inland Revenue to lift the corporate veil†

Christopher marlowe, doctor faustus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christopher marlowe, specialist faustus - Essay Example The utilization of normal Biblical language and tone can be seen in the words conveyed by both the speakers. Dr. Faustus looks eager for grasping the sinister way for twenty four years of his life, where he could be in a situation to command over others with the assistance of the insidious enchantment gave to him by Lucifer through his worker Mephistopheles. The creator has skilfully illuminated the force of desire and unabated arrangement of wants for the accomplishment of intensity, pelf, ownership, esteem and financial gains throughout everyday life, and seems, by all accounts, to be ignorant of the quiet appearance of the demise finally. Since Faustus has a place with the lower layer of society, as the Chorus describes, he is by all accounts in a rush to obtain funds and status quickly by utilizing out of line and even underhanded methods. Here, the language of the play again calls attention to the profound message conveyed by Marlowe that this human world would surely end inside a jiffy; so running amuck pursuing materialistic articles may prepare towards the frightful channel of revile, embarrassment and humiliation finally. Accordingly, Faustus can't make a difference foresightedness and pronounces hellfire as Elysium for him. (Line 63) The exchange between Dr. Faustus and Mephistopheles underscores upon the very certainty that Marlowe kept up determined faith in monotheism and unrestricted following the rules of the Lord. It is along these lines his hero concedes that the unceasing spot of the nonbeliever scholars isn't other than the dump of inferno, where Dr. Faustus would remain everlastingly in the organization of the radicals of Almighty God. (Lines 64-67) Hence, Marlowe has applied the equivalent resonant tone utilized by John Milton, in the discourse made by Satan while tending to his companions, in his well known Paradise Lost. Along these lines, the recognized writer has called attention to towards the very reality that the renegade heavenly at tendants do never feel short of their insubordination and defiance they have raised against the almighty out of the sheer desire and malevolence for Adam. Therefore, they were hurled in the inferno fast and still keep there out of their assent. (Lines 77-78) Marlowe incompletely respects the endurance of the dissident blessed messengers which look occupied with tempting the blameless offspring of Adam and Eve out of their resentment for their first guardians. Since the hirelings of Beelzebub think of it as a war against the matchless quality of man over them, they show their worship for the reason for disobedience. It is in this manner Mephistopheles favors Lucifer’s administration to the each gift and bounties offered to him by the Lord. (Lines 79-82) To finish up, it becomes completely clear that Marlowe has applied philosophical and scholarly language in the Biblical style while portraying the exchange under assessment. On the one side he looks denouncing and blaming Dr. F austus for his upsetting choice of grasping sinister approaches to join the demons in heck, and on the opposite side he is by all accounts empowering and supporting the Lucifer junta for adhering to their motivation for all eternity by discrediting all prizes and bounties offered by the Lord to the devout and submissive on the loose. Book index Marlowe, Christopher (1592/1994) A Tragic history of Dr. Faustus Dover

More on balance

More on balance Ive spent the past few days untangling my personal life, which has lately been less than exemplary. In addition, on Sunday evening, I ate dinner with my brother (MIT 17), aunt, and uncle (who live in Boston), and then I finished reading The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri. Its a novel about balancing family and American culture; I identify strongly with the main character Gogol and also, to some extent (and not without shame), the character Moushumi. If youve read this book, please feel free to send me an email. Its Wednesday now. On my floor is a suitcase containing a suit and a sundress. In less than 48 hours, I will be in Houston, both for the SASE national conference and for the warm weather. Ill (hopefully!) be blogging about that in the near future. In the meantimeheres a list, dated 10/02/2015. It contains some parameters by which I have been evaluating myself lately. Feel free to just skim the bullet points because the sentences below them are heavy on self-reflection. To balance community/individuality (presence/absence, travel/home) This semester, I moved to a new hall within my dorm (East Campus). Ive spent a lot of time living by my own agenda; Im there less than half the day, and even then, its mostly to work or to sleep. I seem to value the pursuit of my own goals a lot more than I do building a community. I need to work on being present more often and more actively. respect/freedom (yuppie/hippie) How important are other peoples opinions/social norms? My parents care very much about image and reputation. Many of my best friends are pretty uninhibited and attempt to live by exclusively their own principlesmaybe its also because were young. In any case, my parents and my friends are two very different kinds of happy. The Namesake touches on this distinction; I think that it favors the latter sort of lifestyle because it is a coming-of-age story that takes place in America, but it recognizes the value of the former, because it is a story about the immigrant experience and using external markers to highlight the success of ones life. Either way, I should try to move in some direction. I wish I were more convincing, or braver. Id favor the latter. conversation/meditation (speaking/thinking, living/writing, experiencing/reading) I lean heavily toward meditation, thinking, writing, reading. I need to remind myself to open my mouth and be present in the world. Thats really all there is to it. romance/realism (romance/responsibility) I could be more reckless more often. skepticism/faith I tend to be skeptical about outcomes. Often, Im right but not happy to be. I could be more reckless more often. planning/playing (scheduling/spontaneity) Ive been pretty good about leaving chunks of my weekends unplanned. Its weird having to schedule even spontaineity. productivity/staring off into space These two cycle naturallyfirst youre working, then youre not, and then you have new ideas on which to work, and so on. lists/paragraphs You tell me how this ones going. struggle/splendor (endurance/pleasure, seeking/appreciating) One: I am very, very fortunate that this is even a choice I get to make. Two: At MIT especially, the motto is, work hard, play hard. How much of each is enough, though? The ideal situation is, of course, the one where the work itself becomes pleasure, but often you have to grit your teeth for a long time before you get to that point. So until then, balance. Madonna/Nirvana Kind of a joke, but my music taste has been all over the place lately! One collaboration Ive appreciated is Glass Animals x Joey Bada$$ (warning: explicit language, party music). style/substance Selling yourself/having qualifications. Or: going shopping for clothes instead of reading a book (I am very guilty of this, too often). Or: appearance vs. reality. goal-oriented/process-oriented As ways of thinking about The College Experience: orienting yourself around career/classes/future or around culture/current fulfillment? Again, not mutually exclusive. I do think I tend to be too bookish and focused on post-graduation plans, though. buzzwords/normal words See previous bullet point. career/creativity Ugh. This is a big one that overlaps with respect/freedom, productivity/staring off into space, and planning/playing. Ive spent more time on mindless career development than I normally would care to, but I think itll be worth it. Ive compensated for it by reading novels and poetry instead of, you know, serious nonfiction. Or spending Wednesday nights painting. For me, its necessary. private/public (space, life, etc.) This year/blog has been unusualI used to be very private. Now I am suddenly sharing a lot with strangers on the Internet (hello there. i see you.), and its been very rewarding. sarcasm/sweetness Self-explanatory. I used to be more abrasive but funnier. I think Im hap impact/fulfillment Certainly not mutually exclusive. Here, impact = making a lot of money, something I think I could do one day; fulfillment = being an academic, which I think Id like to do. I dont know, man. I have more thoughts on this that are incomplete and shouldnt be on the Internet at this time. And I said Id try to think less about the future all the time. So. budgets (education/incarceration) I think I added this bullet point because Bernie Sanders was talking about it and I agreed with him: please, less incarceration, more education. math/real life :’( The theoretical world is a great source of bliss for me, and I appreciate the distance between my math psets and all things practical. But I feel myself getting more and more absent-mindedI am spending time learning abstract logic rather than facts that lead in any concrete direction. Its rewarding but not optimal, yet I dont think Ive chosen the wrong major. Maybe this is a sign that I should focus more on econ. Im not sure what I want anymore (see: the length of this list, the inability to prioritize); maybe I lack principles and am trying to make up for it in efficiency. More concretely, I struggle to choose anything over anything else and am consequently trying to do everything all the time. Im not convinced that its a strictly bad way to live, though (see: Camus, Notebooks 1935-1951: Those who prefer their principles over their happiness, they refuse to be happy outside the conditions they seem to have attached to their happiness.)especially as a college student, especially at seventeen. Every choice is a sacrifice. At least Im using (more or less) all of my energy constructively. I think my life is (more or less) Pareto-optimal; I cant complain.

Teachers Play An Important Role For The Future Of Adolescents

Teachers play an important role for the future of adolescents. As a teacher it is our responsibility to provide the best material for the academic growth of students and create relationships that help their overall development. The middle level movement is focused more on the development of adolescents and not the just the academic growth. As teachers we have to prepare students for the real world by teaching the quality traits they need in order to be successful. The modern teacher has to create relationships with students. This builds trust with the student and the teacher. This will increase the students’ productivity and also increase the influence one can have on a child’s future. Schools in the past focused only on academics but†¦show more content†¦Adolescents are also very emotional, and they begin to show more emotion because of the many issues and changes they are going through. As a teacher we have to inform them of these changes and be able to advis e and promote positivity when dealing with their issues. The teachers play one of the biggest roles in the middle school for the development of students. One of these roles is to find what is best for the students. This can be accomplished by teachers voicing their input with one another find what’s best for each student. An example of this would be the Think Tank method which is used at Whittemore Park Middle School. The think tank is when a group of teachers give their opinions and ideas on how to better the students. Once these ideas are presented the teachers put them into action to see how it effects the students. I love how these teachers are active within finding out what’s best for their students. An example of this could be one teacher noticing that a group of students are more engaged when they are involved in discussion. This teacher can relay the message to their colleagues and now they can implement discussions into their lessons. I feel that teachers are responsible for doing whatever it takes to pr ovide students with the best opportunity to succeed academically. As a teacher one must understand that their school has to be developmentally responsive, challenging, empowering and equitable. These

A Synopsis of the Ethics of Confucianism Essay - 1020 Words

A Synopsis of the Ethics of Confucianism In contrast to Western philosophy, Chinese thought views man as but a single, though vital part of the complexity of nature. The Chinese have aspired to attain harmony with nature as a source of spiritual satisfaction. Life is not a transitory phenomenon, but real, viewed and appreciated for its beauty and order. They, i.e. beauty and order, are esthetic entities and are to be cherished and savored in life. Man and nature are in a reciprocal relationship, thus affecting each other. Just as the forces of nature can bring bliss but also disaster, so can man upset the delicate balance by his misdeeds. Heaven (the supernatural world), Earth and man constitute a single and indivisible unity. No†¦show more content†¦Tao! Its literal meaning is a way, a road, the way of nature, universal law. When integrated, the two (yang and yin) transcend their uniqueness or separateness and become the Universal. When resigning ones will, harmony, peace and enlightenment are found. Elaborated by a succession of scholars and sages, the way of Tao became Taoism. Confucianism is something of a derivative. As a matter of fact, Confucius insisted on close adherence to Tao. However, he was pragmatic and concerned with the existential problems of man, hence he deals less with generalities and more with the practical matters of daily and personal relationships. The essence of his system of relationships is fivefold, and fundamental to his social order: ruler and subject; father and son; husband and wife; older brother and younger brother; older friend and younger friend. The ideal of conduct, ordering all human relationships and resulting in an ideal social structure and harmony is: li. A famous Confucian maxim is: Never do to others, what you would not like them to do to you. (Golden Rule ?) His disciples later on developed ten attitudes that are to govern the five relationships: love in father and filial piety in the son; gentility in the oldest brother and humility and respect in the younger; righteous behavior in the husband and obedience in t he wife; humane consideration in elders and deference in juniors; benevolence in rulers and loyalty in subjects. Confucius did not claimShow MoreRelatedLeading A Multicultural Group. Cornelius Cash Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagessensitivity training across the organization, especially among members of executive leadership. Inclusive leadership has been presented as the most applicable global leadership style as businesses make the transition from a local to global mindset. This synopsis will discuss integrating varied perspective, negotiating strategies and cultural mindsets, and communicating methods that facilitate organizational strategy, This document will conclude with a summarization of this discussion. Integrating VariedRead MoreSynopsis Of The World Expo Essay2381 Words   |  10 PagesSynopsis UAE is in the top 10 countries for the largest oil reserves in the world Dubai is UAE’s most populous city, with more than 2 million people, and has emerged as a true global city with an electric cultural makeup Dubai bid to host the World Expo 2020 The theme will be â€Å"connecting minds, creating the future† Countries will showcase who they are and what they will do in the spirit of today’s era of â€Å"nation branding† Expo 2020 will be the first World Expo to take place in the Middle East, AfricaRead MoreSouth Korea4993 Words   |  20 PagesChristianity has become more and more popular in recent years in South Korea. Catholics spread very quickly, and some of the worlds largest churches will be found in Korea. South Korean has a very high quality education system, which revealed in Confucianism philosophy, education is based on strictness and excellence. It is high competitive environment in educational system, which might be one of the reasons that the South Korea had an economic miracle. The situation is almost the same with my homeRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesTechnologies 462 Altex Corporation 466 Acme Corporation 470 12 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 473 Facilities Scheduling at Mayer Manufacturing 475 Scheduling the Safety Lab 478 Telestar International 480 The Problem with Priorities 482 13 MORALITY AND ETHICS 485 The Tylenol Tragedies 487 14 MANAGING SCOPE CHANGES 515 Denver International Airport (DIA) 517 15 WAGE AND SALARY ADMINISTRATION 561 Photolite Corporation (A) 563 Photolite Corporation (B) 566 Photolite Corporation

Icu Bed Free Essays

Genre of the film: Indies film Setting: The film happened during the modern days at a hospital. Characters: * Eddie Garcia as Joseph * Angel Aquinas as Beth * Ion Bemoaning as Joe * Irma Dolan as Cell * Happen Sys as Ann * Irvin Viola as Joshua Plot: The plot of the movie happened in the middle part. Many things were going on, tragedies, happiness, and sufferings. We will write a custom essay sample on Icu Bed or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of those tragedies was when Ann found out that she was pregnant, and the father of her child doesn’t want to claim their baby. Another one Is when Cell found out that her husband was cheating on her. Her husband had another family. And the last one is when Joseph, their father, was getting sicker and sicker. Conflict: The conflict of the story was when Joseph didn’t want to stop doing his illegal fetish, despite of his Illness. He keeps on doing what he wants to do, and he doesn’t even bother if it’s going to harm him or not. How conflict was resolved: The conflict was resolved when Joseph had a dream while he was in his hospital bed. He dreamt about what would happen to him if he was dead, and honestly, it wasn’t too good. So, when he woke up and realized he was still alive, he decided to do hat he can to live. He didn’t totally give up on his bad habits but still, he lived. Summary: Once there was an old man named Joseph. He had many bad habits. Some of these were smoking, drinking, and gambling. One day, he reached his limits and he was sent to the hospital. He was there for a long time, not knowing when he will be cured. His family did everything for him to survive, but, like any other families, they too had their own problems. These problems were teenage pregnancy, family problems, and bad parenting. Josephs family was very full of disorder but they managed to solve these problems. As time passed by, Joseph has been cured from his illness; Ann had decided to keep her baby even though she was not at the right age for it, Joshua finally obeys his parent’s, and the two sisters conquered their problems. The end. Values learned: One of the values learned In this movie was to not give up even though you are really struggling from your problem. Giving up was never a choice whenever you have problems. Always remember that there are people around you who are going to support you for whatever that’ll happen in your life. Another lesson is to take care of yourself. Take care of your body, your health, and your mind. Don’t do things that you know will harm yourself. Always remember that whenever you do bad things, you will have to repay some debts and you will have some consequences, in order for you to 1 OFF learn that lesson. Personal reactions: Honestly, I have many reactions about this movie. I really felt that I connected with the movie because the things that happened to Joseph were really similar to what happened to my grandfather who had Just passed away. I think that the movie was very legit in a sense that it was really realistic, unlike other movies that are very sectional and you really wouldn’t think it would happen in real life. The scenes in this movie would really happen in real life, and I actually liked that fact that the director made the movie like this. It was very creative of him to do a movie that was very true to life. I think the goal of the director of the movie, Rica Reveal, was to make sure that her audience would connect with the movie they’re watching. And I appreciate that very well. I am glad that I had watched this movie because I learned so many things, I realized so many things, and I discovered so many things that I haven’t learned in my life before. How to cite Icu Bed, Papers

Opening an

Opening an-inground swimming p Essay Opening an In-Ground Swimming Pool Opening your in-ground swimming pool is not as hard as it looks. By following this simple guide, you will look like a professional pool attendant and save money too. Since most pools in the Wisconsin area are closed with a cover for approximately seven months out of the year, you must start by removing the pool cover. To remove the pool cover, you should drain off any standing water or debris that may have accumulated on the cover over the winter. The easiest way to remove the water is with a small drain pump and a push broom. Both of these items can be purchased at any hardware store. Lay the hose that is attached to the drain pump on the top of the pool cover. Try to place the hose at the lowest point on the cover. This will allow the standing water to flow to the lowest point and be sucked off the cover. Then lay your push broom on the cover and pull it back toward you, dragging any debris with it. After the cover has been cleared of water and debris, you can begin to remove the pool cover. Start at one end of the pool; begin by removing the sandbags that were used to hold down the cover during the winter. Use caution when lifting the sandbags and remember to bend at the knees when lifting the sandbags. Have two people assist you with the pool cover. Have one on each side of the cover so they can pull and fold the cover as you remove the sandbags, working your way to the other end of the pool. Now that you have the cover removed, you can check the pools water pump, filter, and waterlines. Look the pump over thoroughly; making sure that there are no frayed electrical wires. Check for cracks on the water pump casing, filter, and waterlines. If you are satisfied with the way, everything looks, then turn on the electricity. When the electricity is on you can turn the pump on for a few seconds to make sure that the impeller inside the pump is spinning freely. Shut off the pump after you have determined that everything is satisfactory. You can now go on to the next step. With the pool cover off and the water pump, filter and waterlines inspected, you need to add water to the pool to bring it to the proper level. The water level should be five to six inches from the top of the pool. Once the water level is at the proper height you can start the pump, hook up your vacuum hose, and clean the bottom of the pool, removing any leaves, dirt or algae that may have formed over the winter. Now that you have the pool cleaned you can put away the vacuum hose and move on to the final step. Take a small sample of water from the pool, about 16 ounces will do, and place it in a plastic bottle. Take the sample of water to your local swimming pool dealer for a water test. They will analyze the water at no charge. Once the water sample has been analyzed, they will recommend which types and what amounts of chemicals that you should add to your pool. Add the chemicals to the pool as recommended by the pool dealer and within 24 to 36 hours, your pool water will be crystal clear and ready for you to enjoy the entire summer. .

The Downfall Of Communism In Eastern And free essay sample

Central Europe Essay, Research Paper The Downfall of Communism in Eastern and Central Europe The flooring autumn of communism in Eastern and Central Europe in the late 1880ss was singular for both its celerity and its range. The particulars of communism # 8217 ; s demise varied among states, but similarities in both the causes and the effects of these revolutions were rather similar. As good, all of the states involved shared the common ends of implementing democratic systems of authorities and traveling to market economic systems. In each of these states, the Communist governments in power were forced to transportation that power to radically different establishments than they were accustomed to. Democracy had been distributing throughout the universe for the predating two decennaries, but with a really of import difference. While old political passages had seen similar fortunes, the existent events in inquiry had by and large occurred separately. In Europe, on the other manus, the displacement from communism was taking topographic point in a different context wholly. The peoples involved were non looking to impact a narrow set of policy reforms ; so, what was at interest was a hyper-radical displacement from the long-held communist political orientation to a western design for governmental and economic policy development. The job inherent in this type of monumental alteration is that, harmonizing to Ulrich K. Preuss, # 8220 ; In about all the East and Central European states, the prostration of autocratic Communist regulation has released national, cultural, spiritual and cultural struggles which can non be solved by strictly economic policies # 8221 ; ( 47 ) . While enormous alterations are evident in both the governmental and economic spheres in Europe, these alterations can non be assumed to ever be # 8220 ; reciprocally reenforcing # 8221 ; ( Preuss 47 ) . Generally it has been theorized that the most successful mode of turn toing these many troubles is the drafting of a fundamental law. But what is clear is the unsatisfactory ability of a fundamental law to rectify the jobs of patriotism and cultural differences. Preuss notes that when the constitutional province gained favour in North America, it was founded on the rule of the unitary province ; it was non designed to turn to the deficiency of national individuality which is found throughout Europe # 8211 ; and which is counter to the construct of the constitutional province ( 48 ) . # 8220 ; Measured in footings of socioeconomic modernisation, # 8221 ; writes Helga A. Welsh, # 8220 ; Central and Eastern European states had reached a degree that was considered conducive to the outgrowth of pluralistic policies # 8221 ; ( 19 ) . It seemed that the exclusive ground the ruin of communism, as it were, took so long was the veto power of the Soviet Union. Harmonizing to theories of modernisation, the higher the degrees of socioeconomic accomplishment, the greater the force per unit area for unfastened competition and, finally, democracy. As such, the states in Eastern and Central Europe were seen as # 8220 ; anomalousnesss in socioeconomically highly-developed states where peculiarly rational power resources have become widespread # 8221 ; ( Welsh 19 ) . Due to their longtime attachment to communist policies, these states faced great trouble in doing the passage to a pluralist system every bit good as a market economic system. Harmonizing to Preuss, these jobs were threefold: The echt economic desolations wrought by the Communist governments, the transmutation of the societal and economic categories of the bid economic system into the societal and economic young girls of a capitalist economic system and, eventually, the creative activity of a constitutional construction for political entities that lack the unchallenged unity of a state province ( 48 ) . With such jobs as these to postulate with in re- technology their full economic and political systems, the people of East Germany seemed to be in a peculiarly enviable place. Economically, they were poised to unify with one of the richest states, holding one of the strongest economic systems, in the full universe. In the competition for foreign investing, such an confederation gave the late German Democratic Republic a apparently unsurmountable lead over other states. In respects to the political facets of fusion, it efficaciously left a Germany with no national or cultural minorities, every bit good as holding unchallenged boundaries. As good, there was no demand to make a fundamental law ( although many of the booby traps of constitution- edifice would hold been easily-avoided due to the advantages Germany had ) , because the leaders of the GDR had joined the Federal Republic by accession and, consequently, allowed its Basic Law to be extended over their district. For all the good that seemed to be at hand as a consequence of fusion, many jobs besides arose sing the political transmutation that Germany was undergoing. Among these jobs were the undermentioned: the tensenesss between the Basic Law # 8217 ; s coincident committednesss to supranational integrating and to the German state province, the relationship between the state and the fundamental law as two different manners of political integrating and the issue of so- called # 8220 ; backward justness # 8221 ; ( Preuss 48 ) . The Federal Republic of Germany # 8217 ; s Basic Law has been the longest-lived fundamental law in Germany # 8217 ; s history. Intended to be a ephemeral, impermanent papers, the Basic Law gained legitimacy as West Germany continued to process towards going a major economic power and effectual democratic society. There seemed to be, at first, a tenseness between the Basic Law # 8217 ; s expressed support of re- fusion and its promise to reassign sovereignty to a supranational establishment that would be created. The struggle between West Germany # 8217 ; s ends of national integrity and international integrating remained the chief issue in the state # 8217 ; s political relations for many old ages. As Preuss no Tes, â€Å"It will be highly hard to get away the economic and, in the long tally besides political, deductions of this double-bind state of affairs of Germany, one that remains a bequest of the postwar order # 8221 ; ( 51 ) . Since the fusion of Germany was accomplished through accession, it meant, queerly plenty, that neither West nor East Germany had a say in the other # 8217 ; s determination on whether to organize a incorporate province or what conditions such a fusion would be contingent upon, severally. Put merely, the net consequence of the extension of the Basic Law to all of Germany did non warrant the execution of a new joint government policy or a new fundamental law for the state. It seemed, as a consequence of some esoteric articles of the Basic Law, that the GDR would discontinue to be lawfully and the FRG would last. It was impossible to pull the decision that both would decease out and be replaced by a new political individuality. Many of the Federal Republic # 8217 ; s Torahs instantly applied in the GDR ( Gloebner 153 ) . Article 146 of the Basic Law, put merely, allowed for the revocation of the Basic Law, to be replaced with another regulating system, without antecedently adhering the people to any specific regulations. Apparently, it sanctions revolution, and, # 8220 ; as proved to be the instance in 1990, this is non a strictly theoretical decision # 8221 ; ( Preuss 52 ) . Some suggest that, by uniting through accession, Germany has made jobs which could stop up dominating the benefits of fusion. The suggestion is that the execution of a fundamental law by a society without experience in using it, without the necessary establishments and without the corresponding value system will convey approximately more injury than good ( politically ) . The infliction of the Basic Law was the root for much of the misgiving between East and West Germans following fusion. In respects to the East Germans, the Law was efficaciously self- imposed, and # 8220 ; neither entry nor voluntary self-submission is probably to breed the societal and political coherency which is a necessary status for a stable democracy # 8221 ; ( Preuss 54 ) . In respects to the economic facets of fusion, some major jobs exist in the passage to democracy and market economic sciences. Harmonizing to Preuss, the two chief issues included in the kingdom of # 8220 ; backward justness # 8221 ; are the denationalization of big pieces of province belongings, and the penalty of the elites of the old governments and their companions under the headers of # 8220 ; self- purification # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; corporate amnesia. # 8221 ; The denationalization issue is among the thorniest involved in any state # 8217 ; s passage from communism. For one, a system of processs must be developed merely to reassign such big sums of belongings to private citizens. Besides, there must be mechanisms put in topographic point to both protect new proprietors from claims of old proprietors and to fulfill former proprietors without estranging possible future investors. The job boils down to the fact that private belongings Torahs do non ever coincide with the # 8220 ; just # 8221 ; construct of damages. As Petra Bauer-Kaase writes, # 8220 ; East Germans still hold troubles in seting to a political system where persons have a great trade of duty for their ain life # 8221 ; ( 307 ) . The former Easts Germans look upon this issue with disdain, because it is the Westerners who have control over the regulations, every bit good as the enforcement of those regulations. This is simply one of a battalion of cases where this misgiving manifests itself. There are besides the issues of self-purification and corporate memory loss. Due to the permeant nature of the Communist government # 8217 ; s surveillance plans and so forth, there is really small room for anyone to claim pure custodies. While West Germans can claim that they are guiltless by virtuousness of geographics, East Germans are neer able to get away the intuitions that they may hold been portion of the machine. Government occupations are denied to those who were affiliated with the Stasi, and private concerns besides may deny employment to these citizens. While fusion has occurred theoretically, in world the Germany today is one of Delaware facto separate-but-equal citizenship. There is no denying that at that place have been many jobs associated with the fusion of East and West Germany. The passage from communist province to broad democracy is a really hard one, and there is no existent manner to foretell how the German experience will turn out. As Preuss writes, # 8220 ; The passage from an autocratic political government and its attendant bid economic system to a broad democracy and a capitalist economic system is every bit unprecedented as the short-run integrating of two highly different societies # 8211 ; one liberal-capitalist, one authoritarian-socialist # 8211 ; into one state province # 8221 ; ( 57 ) . In other words, the fusion of Germany is one of the most complicated and unprecedented historical events since the fusion of Germany. Jeremy Waldroop Plants Cited Bauer-Kaase, Petra. # 8220 ; Germany in Passage: The Challenge of Coping with Unification. # 8221 ; German Fusion: Procedures and Outcomes. M. Donald Hancock and Helga A. Welsh, eds. Boulder: Westview, 1994. 285-311. Gloebner, Gert-Joachim. # 8220 ; Parties and Problems of Administration During Unification. # 8221 ; German Fusion: Procedures and Outcomes. M. Donald Hancock and Helga A. Welsh, eds. Boulder: Westview, 1994. 139- 61. Preuss, Ulrich K. # 8220 ; German Fusion: Political and Constitutional Aspects. # 8221 ; United Germany and the New Europe. Heinz D. Kurz, erectile dysfunction. Brookfield: Elgar, 1993. 47-58. Welsh, Helga A. # 8220 ; The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the GDR: Development, Revolution, and Diffusion. # 8221 ; German Fusion: Procedures and Outcomes. M. Donald Hancock and Helga A. Welsh, eds. Boulder: Westview, 1994. 17-34.

Essay on Diagnosing Organizations

Essay on Diagnosing Organizations Essay on Diagnosing Organizations Essay on Diagnosing OrganizationsThe process of strategic decision-making involves several important steps one of which is the analysis of the situation and current issues along with the diagnostic of the issue in the organizational context. Such diagnosis is necessary for developing a strategy for achieving key organizational goals and eliminating the gaps between existing organizational state and the desired state. In general, the process of organizational diagnostic involves four key steps: the entry phase, the phase of diagnosis, intervention and evaluation phase (Burton, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of existing organizational diagnostic models for the diagnosis stage, to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the models, to discuss several issues which Whole Foods Market is currently facing and to determine the best organizational diagnostic model for Whole Foods Market.Organizational diagnosis modelsThere exist different models of organizational diagnosis. Each of these models has its own strengths and weaknesses, and can therefore be applied in specific setting. It is not possible to rely one particular organizational diagnostic model because strategic analysis involves a variety of factors and the assumptions of one model might not be appropriate for the considered situation. Therefore, for an efficient organizational diagnosis it is essential to consider different models and to choose the one which is optimal for the particular organization and for the particular situation. In this paper, seven organizational diagnosis models will be considered:1.1. Force field modelForce field model was developed by Kurt Lewin (Cummings Worley, 2009). This model describes organizational change as the result of the impact of driving and restraining forces. The driving forces enhance the change and push the organization towards the change, while the restraining forces hinder change and create barriers for change (Cummings Worley, 2009). Lewin further offers a strategy for organizational change: identifying both types of forces, weakening the restraining forces, strengthening the driving forces (refreezing the organization), implementing the change and then enhancing the stabilizing influences (freezing the organization in the desired state) (Cummings Worley, 2009).The major strength of this model is its focus on action and change. However, the weakness of the model is its generic nature: the forces in the model are defined quite broadly and it is easy to miss important forces while analyzing an organization.1.2. 7S modelOne of widely used frameworks is McKinseys 7S model. It encompasses seven key organizational variables: shared values, skills, structure, style, staff, systems and strategy (Harrison, 2005). Shared values are viewed as a central component of the model, and the remaining factors are interrelated in a specific way. 7S model is shown on Fig. 1.A valuable finding in this model is the division of organ izational factors into hard structure, systems and strategy, and soft staff, skills, style and shared values (Harrison, 2005). However, the model does not account for external variables and factors, and therefore its use is limited.1.3. Likert modelLikert model also considers seven key organizational variables: motivation, interaction, communication, decision-making, goal-setting, performance and control (Alderfer, 2010). Furthermore, according to Likert model, there are four types of management systems which have different characteristics in the context of seven organizational variables. These four types include exploitative-authoritative, benevolent-authoritative, consultative and participative group management systems (Alderfer, 2010). Furthermore, Likert developed a survey for assessing the type of the management system based on 43 questions (Alderfer, 2010).This model is useful when it is necessary to assess the managerial aspects of organizational functioning, organizational culture, etc. The model also provides instruments for more precise identification of management system. However, this model does not address external factors, individual factors, etc., and can therefore be applied only for a limited range of situations.1.4. Burke-Litwin modelThe Burke-Litwin model encompasses the internal and external factors and the relationships between them in a systemic way. Internal factors included in this model can be divided into three layers. Layer 1 includes leadership, culture, mission and strategy; Layer 2 consists of such variables as structure, management practices, systems and work climate, and Layer 3 includes the match between skills and job, motivation, individual values and needs and performance (Burke, Lake Paine, 2008).The model illustrates how organizational outputs interact with the environment and eventually affect system inputs in the next feedback loop. Furthermore, the model shows the directions of relationships between factors. This mod el is very efficient for describing the dynamics of organizational functioning and can be used to assess complex cases of organizational diagnosis. Its possible disadvantage is the large volume of information required for organizational diagnosis.1.5. Leavitts modelThe model offered by Leavitt focuses on the structural elements of an organization and their interactions. Leavitts model includes four key types of organizational variables: task variables, structure variables, technology variables, people/actor variables (Espejo Reyes, 2011). Each of these variable types, according to Leavitt, is interrelated with other variable types. Therefore, a change of one variable causes the relevant changes in other three variables.This model is efficient for analyzing internal dynamics and for planning internal changes within an organization. At the same time, the relatedness between all four types of variables is a simplification of the reality, and this is a significant limitation of the mod el. Furthermore, Leavitts model does not take into account the impact of the external environment.1.6. Weisbord’s six-box modelIn Weisbords model, six internal categories are considered as the factors driving organizational development. These categories include purposes, structure, relationships, helpful mechanisms, rewards, structure and leadership (Grieves, 2010). The leadership is viewed as the central factor determining organizational change, and the other five factors are represented as interrelated pairs in Weisbords six-box model. Furthermore, this model considers the impact of the environment on the inputs of the organizational system and on its outputs.Organizational inputs considered by Weisbord include finance, ideas, people and technology, while organizational outputs include products and services (Grieves, 2010). For each of the boxes represented in the internal part of the model, Weisbord lists a set of questions allowing to assess organizational efficiency. Thi s model is highly useful since it takes into account both internal and external environment and categorizes internal factors into distinct and reasonable groups. At the same time, Weisbord disregards the fact that each of the boxes can be interrelated with other boxes, and therefore the relationships between internal factors in this model is simplistic.1.7. Congruence modelCongruence model is also referred to as the Nadler-Tushman model. This model combines the benefits of Leavitts model in the sense that it considers internal variables; it is also similar to Weisbords model as it takes into account internal and external factors as well as formal and informal organizational components. The inputs considered in this model include resources, environment, history and organizational strategy; internal variables include formal and informal arrangements, individual factors and task factors (Falletta, 2005). According to congruence model, outputs are classified into individual, organizatio nal and group outputs (Falletta, 2005).Nadler and Tushman considered strategic fit (congruence) between variables as a measure of organizational effectiveness. There are six dimensions of congruence in the model based on the pairs of internal factors (Falletta, 2005). This model efficiently models organizational environment since it accounts for different types of factors and takes into account their interaction and the process of change. For some situations this model might have an excess number of factors and variables, so its strengths can turn into weaknesses in the cases when in-depth analysis of all organizational factors is not required.Current issues faced by Whole Foods MarketThere are two major issues which Whole Foods Market should address in order to retain its market position. First of all, Whole Foods Market is pursuing an aggressive growth strategy which is efficient in the short-term perspective and leads to quick revenue growth, but might hinder growth in the middle -term perspective. Whole Foods Market is cannibalizing its sales due to opening new stores and engaging in horizontal market expansion (Carter, 2014). This issue is further aggravated by the increasing competition from private labels, from local farmers and small shops where organic foods can be purchased.The second issue faced by Whole Foods Market is its premium brand image: while such image allows to achieve high profits, middle and low-income customers perceive Whole Foods Market as expensive and purchase organic foods from smaller competitors (Carter, 2014). Whole Foods Market should focus on offering natural and organic foods to middle and low-income categories of customers and at the same time avoid brand dilution.Choice of optimal modelBoth issues described in the previous section relate to the interaction of the company with the external environment and the need for change for Whole Foods Market which emerges due to the changes in the inputs and external environment. Theref ore, the chosen model should include both internal and external organizational variables and trace the relationships between them. Among the considered models, Weisbord’s six box model, Burke-Litwin model and Nadler-Tushman congruence model satisfy these requirements. However, Weisbord’s six box model simplifies the relationships between the internal factors, so it is not likely to be a viable choice.In the case of Whole Foods Market, the chosen organizational diagnostic model should provide the guidance for organizational change and should also help eliminate the inconsistencies between the existing strategy and market position of Whole Foods Market and the desired market position of the company. Out of Burke-Litwin model and Nadler-Tushman model, the latter is more in line with the requirements since it allows to consider different types of organizational inputs and organizational outputs, allows to evaluate the strategic fit between internal factors and includes org anizational strategy as an input. Since it is currently important for Whole Foods Market to adjust its strategy to match the changing environment and to achieve strategic fit with its previous decisions, Nadler-Tushman congruence model is the optimal choice.

Media Law Matrix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Law Matrix - Assignment Example New technologies push the boundaries of ethical discussions on ownership of creative work First Amendment The media’s right to free expression is protected, with the amendment prohibiting the enactment of laws that abridge or curtail press freedom and free speech What are the bounds of press freedom? Can private individuals slighted wrongly by the press and by individuals seek redress under the law? This relates to libel as a legal recourse. Prior restraint prohibition An extension of the First Amendment, prohibiting government from prohibiting speech prior to the utterance of the speech. The effect is the broadening of the power of mass media, and the press in particular Ethical issues are again tied to limits of free speech as they pertain to the rights of private individuals Abridgements to First Amendment Rights Non-interference of government on free speech rights is not absolute, but may be justified by public safety considerations. The effect on media is the setting of b ounds on free expression, in cases where the public safety or the national safety are compromised There is the ethical issue of where the bounds of government power and the public and media lie. There is a tug of war in legal discourse/precedents relating to this Libel law The freedom of the press is not absolute, but is predicated on such freedom not trampling the rights of others. This is a curtailment and a bound on press freedom, because those slighted by media has recourse to libel law Libel law interpretations in courts determine the bounds of press freedom and free speech. Ethical issues are tied to making sure that judgments are just and fair to media and to private individuals Table inputs source: Vivian, 2011, pp. 424-445 B. Two Issues A. Local Media Issue The issue at hand in an article discussing the extension of the treatment of media organizations to private individuals posting online, in blogs and in social media, and the standards that ought to govern both forms of m edia, the traditional and the emergent, when it comes to considering the evidence and the arguments relating to possible defamation and libel charges. The issue at hand is tied to the emergence of social media and blogs in particular, and how those emergent media forms have empowered ordinary individuals to speak freely and to publish their thoughts with the same reach and power, and print permanence, as the newspapers and related media forms of old. There are established precedents for governing free speech issues for traditional media, but the precedent for emergent media is not always well laid out. On the other hand, recent court decisions seem to apply a different set of standards for blog-published and social media-published content on the one hand and traditional media on the other. The legal implications of the double standard are evident in the way there seems to be an unequal application of First Amendment rights as they apply to ordinary people in social media and to medi a practitioners, creating potential future problems in the interpretation of First Amendment and related laws. The ethical implications are profound, because the double standard may mean that the rights of private individuals, for instance, against defamation may be compromised by such unequal treatment of bloggers and ordinary social media users on the one hand a

Terrorists and internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terrorists and internet - Essay Example By creating web pages or blogs on internet and fan pages on social networking websites, they can promote their hateful notions. This creates a negative impact on the young minds as they may be lured towards their ideology .Secondly internet is a huge source of information with most of it easily available and accessible. This information includes maps of important locations like airports, and secret government documents that can be hacked from a government website. This information can then be used to plan out an attack on important sites to destabilize the country. Furthermore, internet connects the members of the terrorist organizations around the world; hence terrorists use it as a medium of planning and coordination. With the encrypted messaging system and the multitude of internet users, it is extremely hard to spot their activity and internet therefore becomes the safest means of communication for them (Weimann, 2005). The use of internet by terrorists has increased so much that it poses a threat to security of people and the country. Even though it is the right of people to have privacy in their communication, they should be cooperative and support the government in their actions of monitoring the cyber space because ultimately it is for the greater good of the society (Ingram, 2001) Works Cited Ingram, M. (2001, September 24). Internet privacy threatened following terrorist attacks on US.

The Brake System Of Moving Machines And Vehicles

The Brake System Of Moving Machines And Vehicles Brakes are one of the compulsory components in a moving machine. Any moving machine or vehicle needs a brake to decelerate and stop. As we want the car to go fast, we would also want the car to stop quickly and safely. Not just for a safety, the vehicle equipped with a good and consistent brake will also increase the driving pleasure. In this paper we will analyse the principle of brakes. Furthermore, we will discuss current variation of brakes system, brakes type and actuators mechanism. The aim of this paper is to discuss and understand how different automobile braking system work. In addition, we will discuss the future development system and the sustainability of the system.

Death of a Saleman †Happy Loman Essay

Happy shares none of the poetry that erupts from Biff and that is buried in Willy—he is the stunted incarnation of Willy’s worst traits and the embodiment of the lie of the happy American Dream. As such, Happy is a difficult character with whom to empathize. He is one-dimensional and static throughout the play. His empty vow to avenge Willy’s death by finally â€Å"beat[ing] this racket† provides evidence of his critical condition: for Happy, who has lived in the shadow of the inflated expectations of his brother, there is no escape from the Dream’s indoctrinated lies. Happy’s diseased condition is irreparable—he lacks even the tiniest spark of self-knowledge or capacity for self-analysis. He does share Willy’s capacity for self-delusion, trumpeting himself as the assistant buyer at his store, when, in reality, he is only an assistant to the assistant buyer. He does not possess a hint of the latent thirst for knowledge that prov es Biff’s salvation. Happy is a doomed, utterly duped figure, destined to be swallowed up by the force of blind ambition that fuels his insatiable sex drive. Character Analysis Happy might as well be Willy Jr., because this apple hasn’t fallen far from the tree. Though he is relatively successful in his job, he has his dad’s totally unrealistic self-confidence, and his grand dreams about getting rich quick. Like Biff, but to a lesser extent, Happy has suffered from his father’s expectations. Mostly, though, his father doesn’t pay that much attention to him. Willy was always a bigger fan of Biff. Happy, maybe because he always felt second best, has more of a desire to please his father. Despite his respectable accomplishments in business, and the many, many notches on his bedpost, Happy is extremely lonely. Happy is competitive and ambitious, but these feelings are misdirected. Unable to compete on his own terms in the business world, Happy blindly pursues women – taken women – purely for the sake of doing so. Looks like he’s taken his sense of competition to the realm of sex. Of course, this, much like the world of business, fails to satisfy him. Most disturbing for Happy is the fact that he can’t figure out why all this isn’t working. He’s followed the rules, done all the right things, yet Happy just isn’t happy. His name highlights the irony of his predicament. If you consider the fact that parents name their children, you could say that Willy foolishly bestowed the nickname on his son in yet another display of misguidance and delusion. Nice. Just as the saddest part of Willy’s suicide is his continued delusion, the saddest part of Happy’s ending is his own persistent misbelief. Still driven by what he feels he should want (money, a wife), he sticks to Willy’s foolish dreams to the bitter end. Happy Loman Hap is the Loman’s youngest son. He lives in an apartment in New York, and during the play is staying at his parent’s house to visit. Hap is of low moral character; constantly with another woman, trying to find his way in life, even though he is confident he’s on the right track. Hap has always been the â€Å"second son† to Biff and tries to be noticed by his parents by showing off. When he was young he always told Willly, â€Å"I’m losin’ weight pop, you notice?† And, now he is always saying, â€Å"I’m going to get married, just you wait and see,† in an attempt to redeem himself in his mother’s eyes. Hap also tries to be on Willy’s good side and keep him happy, even if it means perpetuating the lies and illusions that Willy lives in. In the end of the play, Hap cannot see reality. Like his father, he is destined to live a fruitless life trying for something that will not happen. â€Å"Willy Loman did not die in vain,† he says, â€Å"†¦He had a good dream, the only dream a man can have – to come out number one man. He fought it out here, and this where I’m gonna win it for him.† Death of a Salesman By Arthur Miller Character Analysis Happy Loman Happy is a young version of Willy. He incorporates his father’s habit of manipulating reality in order to create situations that are more favorable to him. Happy grew up listening to Willy embellish the truth, so it is not surprising that Happy exaggerates his position in order to create the illusion of success. Instead of admitting he is an assistant to the assistant, Happy lies and tells everyone he is the assistant buyer. This is Willy’s philosophy all over again. Happy also relishes the fact that â€Å"respectable† women cannot resist him. He has seduced the fiancà ©es of three executives just to gain a perception of pleasure and power. He thrives on sexual gratification, but even more than that, Happy savors the knowledge that he has â€Å"ruined† women engaged to men he works for and also despises. He states, â€Å"I hate myself for it. Because I don’t want the girl, and, still, I take it and — I love it!† Happy is similar to Willy in two ways. Both deny their positions and exaggerate details in order to aggrandize themselves, and sexual interludes are the defining moments of both of their lives. Willy’s life revolves around his attempt to forget his affair with the Woman, while Happy’s life revolves around an active pursuit of affairs with many women. Death of a Salesman addresses loss of identity and a man’s inability to accept change within himself and society. The play is a montage of memories, dreams, confrontations, and arguments, all of which make up the last 24 hours of Willy Loman’s life. The three major themes within the play are denial, contradiction, and order versus disorder. Each member of the Loman family is living in denial or perpetuating a cycle of denial for others. Willy Loman is incapable of accepting the fact that he is a mediocre salesman. Instead Willy strives for his version of the American dream — success and notoriety — even if he is forced to deny reality in order to achieve it. Instead of acknowledging that he is not a well-known success, Willy retreats into the past and chooses to relive past memories and events in which he is perceived as successful. For example, Willy’s favorite memory is of Biff’s last football game because Biff vows to make a touchdown just for him. In this scene in the past, Willy can hardly wait to tell the story to his buyers. He considers himself famous as a result of his son’s pride in him. Willy’s sons, Biff and Happy, adopt Willy’s habit of denying or manipulating reality and practice it all of their lives, much to their detriment. It is only at the end of the play that Biff admits he has been a â€Å"phony† too, just like Willy. Linda is the only character that recognizes the Loman family lives in denial; however, she goes along with Willy’s fantasies in order to preserve his fragile mental state. The second major theme of the play is contradiction. Throughout the play, Willy’s behavior is riddled with inconsistencies. In fact, the only thing consistent about Willy is his inconsistency. From the very beginning of Act I, Scene 1, Willy reveals this tendency. He labels Biff a â€Å"lazy bum† but then contradicts himself two lines later when he states, â€Å"And such a hard worker. There’s one thing about Biff — he’s not lazy.† Willy’s contradictions often confuse audiences at the beginning of the play; however, they soon become a trademark of his character. Willy’s inconsistent behavior is the result of his inability to accept reality and his tendency to manipulate or re-create the past in an attempt to escape the present. For example, Willy cannot resign himself to the fact that Biff no longer respects him because of Willy’s affair. Rather than admit that their relationship is irreconcilable, Willy retreats to a pre vious time when Biff admired and respected him. As the play continues, Willy disassociates himself more and more from the present as his problems become too numerous to deal with. The third major theme of the play, which is order versus disorder, results from Willy’s retreats into the past. Each time Willy loses himself in the past, he does so in order to deny the present, especially if the present is too difficult to accept. As the play progresses, Willy spends more and more time in the past as a means of reestablishing order in his life. The more fragmented and disastrous reality becomes, the more necessary it is for Willy to create an alternative reality, even if it requires him to live solely in the past. This is demonstrated immediately after Willy is fired. Ben appears, and Willy confides â€Å"nothing’s working out. I don’t know what to do.† Ben quickly shifts the conversation to Alaska and offers Willy a job. Linda appears and convinces Willy that he should stay in sales, just like Dave Singleman. Willy’s confidence quickly resurfaces, and he is confident that he has made the right decision by turning down Ben’ s offer; he is certain he will be a success like Singleman. Thus, Willy’s memory has distracted him from the reality of losing his job. Denial, contradiction, and the quest for order versus disorder comprise the three major themes of Death of a Salesman. All three themes work together to create a dreamlike atmosphere in which the audience watches a man’s identity and mental stability slip away. The play continues to affect audiences because it allows them to hold a mirror up to themselves. Willy’s self-deprecation, sense of failure, and overwhelming regret are emotions that an audience can relate to because everyone has experienced them at one time or another. Individuals continue to react to Death of a Salesman because Willy’s situation is not unique: He made a mistake — a mistake that irrevocably changed his relationship with the people he loves most — and when all of his attempts to eradicate his mistake fail, he makes one grand attempt to correct the mistake. Willy vehemently denies Biff’s claim that they are both common, ordinary people, but ironically, it is the univers ality of the play which makes it so enduring. Biff’s statement, â€Å"I’m a dime a dozen, and so are you† is true after all. Miller often experiments with narrative style and technique. For example, Miller includes lengthy exposition pieces that read as stage directions within The Crucible. At first glance, it seems that an audience must either read the information in the program or listen to a long-winded narrator. Upon further inspection however, it becomes apparent that Miller’s inclusion of background material allows actors and directors to study character motivation and internalize the information, thereby portraying it in the performance. Miller provides audiences with a unique experience when it comes to Death of a Salesman. In many ways, the play appears traditional. In other words, there are actors who interact with one another, there is a basic plot line, and the play contains standard dramatic elements such as exposition, rising action, conflict, climax, and so forth. However, Miller’s manipulation of time and space creates a very non-traditional atmosphere that is unsettling but effective because it mirrors Willy’s mental state, thereby allowing the audience to witness his mental instability and take part in it. Stage directions call for a complete house for the Lomans. An audience will not simply watch the action take place in the kitchen but can observe several rooms within the home. This sounds as if it would be distracting since an audience can view several things at once. After all, what should the audience look at? If more than one character is on stage, whom should the audience pay attention to? Miller solves this problem through lighting. Only characters that are talking or involved in direct action are lit on stage, all other rooms, characters, and props remain in shadow. The result is a vast number of rooms and props that can be utilized immediately. The audience does not have to wait while a new set is erected or an old one torn down, but instead moves directly and instantaneously into the next scene. Such movement without the benefit of time delays or dialogue transitions produces a disjointed and fragmented sequence of events, much like a dream. In fact, the stage directions in Act I describe the house as follows: â€Å"An air of the dream clings to the place, a dream arising out of reality.† Miller does not stop there. Even though the action of the play can shift from one part of the house to another without delay, the action is still limited to the present. Willy’s dreams, memories, or recollections of past events must be revealed in a manner that is distinct from actions taking place in the present. This is important for two reasons: First, the audience must be able to differentiate between the present and the past in order to follow the action of the play; second, Willy’s increased agitation must be apparent to the audience, and there is no better way to reveal it than to have the audience observe his inability to separate the past from the reality of the present. Miller achieves this effect by manipulating the space and boundaries of the rooms. When action takes place in the present, characters observe wall boundaries and enter and exit through the doors. During Willy’s recollections of the past, characters do not observe wall boundaries, and the action generally takes place in the area at the front of the stage, rather than inside the house. As a result, the audience can distinguish present events from Willy’s memories. For example, in Act I, Scene 3, Willy pours a glass of milk in the kitchen, sits down, and begins to mumble to himself. He is in the present. He then remembers a past conversation with the teenage Biff and resumes the conversation. Since this is a past event, Willy directs his speech through the wall to a point offstage. This cues the audience that Willy is digressing in the past. Sound is also used to create a dreamlike state for both Willy and the audience. A flute melody is associated with Willy, Ben has his own music, laughter cues the Woman, and so forth. Once the sound is introduced with the appropriate character, the audience automatically associates the sound with that same character. As a result, Miller is able to prompt reactions and expectations from the audience, whether they are aware or not. For example, in Act II, Scene 14, it appears that things have finally been settled between Willy and Biff. Even though Biff is leaving in the morning, he and Willy have reconciled. This puts the audience at ease, but once Ben’s music is heard, it is evident that the play has not reached its final conclusion. In fact, Ben’s appearance may create anxiety for the audience because it suggests an alternate, more disturbing, end to the play. As the play progresses, the action shifts to the front of the stage. In other words, the audience becomes increasingly aware that the majority of the action is taking place inside Willy’s head. It is difficult enough to watch an individual lose his or her identity. It is extremely unsettling and disturbing to be forced to experience the individual’s memories, illusions, or perhaps delusions resulting in mental instability. Miller takes that into consideration and then pushes his audiences to the extreme. As Willy’s mental state declines, the audience is forced to watch and to react. As a result, the play may be called Death of a Salesman, but it is a death observed and experienced by every member of the audience.

International organizations Essay

International organizations provide a common platform wherein representatives from different parts of the world can discuss and evolve solutions for contemporary issues. In common parlance, it is well known as intergovernmental organizations. The World trade Organization, European Union and Council of Europe are international Organizations to name a few. Evolution Of International Organizations There was need to have a neutral forum where countries could participate and discuss problems that were of significance the world over. This gave rise to international Organizations. Role Of International Organizations The participating countries define the function of the International Organizations. The objective of international organization is to study, collect and propagate information, setting up of laws that are internationally accepted. The international organizations also help in cooperation between different countries by setting up negotiation deals between them. The international Organizations also help in technical assistance. The International Organizations play an important role in collecting statistical information, analyzing the trends in the variables, making a comparative study and disseminate the information to all other countries. There are some intergovernmental organizations that have set international Minimum standards. Such norms are difficult to be set at the state level. There are some international organizations that perform certain supervisory functions. The supervisory system of the UN is very weak. In contrast, the supervisory mechanism of the ILO is quite strong. The European Union, together with the Commission and the Court of Justice, has a relatively strong supervisory mechanism. The third function of the international organizations is setting up multilateral or bilateral agreements between countries. Another function, that has assumed importance in the recent times, is lending out technical cooperation to the member countries. By technical cooperation we mean the provision of intellectual or financial material to the countries, which require them. Amongst all the roles and activities of the international organizations, the most important is negotiating and setting up multilateral agreements. Minimizing the transaction costs can strengthen the cooperation between different  countries. Beside they also provide lucidity and information. For negotiations, forums for bargaining are set up and focal point structures are constructed during negotiations. The multilateral agreements that are settled by the international organizations occur in sections like environment protection, development trade, crime human rights, etc. Success and failure of League of Nations The League itself was a success, as nothing like it had ever existed before. The League was successful in the 1920s in settling disputes between countries. Finland and Sweden argued over which country should own the Aaland Islands. The League settled the dispute in favour of Finland. When Greece and Bulgaria became involved in a border dispute, the League was called in to decide who was right. The League also did very good work in a campaign to stamp out the slave trade and in tackling diseases. In August 1923 five Italian surveyors were mapping the Greek-Albanian border for the League of Nations. They were shot and killed on the Greek side of the border and Mussolini, the Italian Prime Minister, demanded compensation from the Greeks. When the Greek government ignored the demand, Mussolini ordered the Italian navy to bombard and then occupy the Greek island of Corfu. Italy was also a Permanent Member of the Council of the League. Eventually the League backed Mussolini and forced the Greeks to pay compensation. Then Mussolini had to withdraw his forces from the island. The Corfu incident seemed to suggest that Permanent Members of the Council could get away with breaking the Covenant. It also suggested that while the League could deal effectively with small countries, it could not deal with large countries. The successes of the League of Nations In view of the League’s desire to end war, the only criteria that can be used to classify a success, was whether war was avoided and a peaceful settlement formulated after a crisis between two nations. The League experienced success in: The Aaland Islands (1921) These islands are near enough equal distant between Finland and Sweden. They had traditionally belonged to Finland but most of the islanders wanted to be  governed by Sweden. Neither Sweden nor Finland could come to a decision as to who owned the islands and in 1921 they asked the League to adjudicate. The League’s decision was that they should remain with Finland but that no weapons should ever be kept there. Both countries accepted the decision and it remains in force to this day. Upper Silesia (1921) The Treaty of Versailles had given the people of Upper Silesia the right to have a referendum on whether they wanted to be part of Germany or part of Poland. In this referendum, 700,000 voted for Germany and 500,000 for Poland. This close result resulted in rioting between those who expected Silesia to be made part of Germany and those who wanted to be part of Poland. The League was asked to settle this dispute. After a six-week inquiry, the League decided to split Upper Silesia between Germany and Poland. The League’s decision was accepted y both countries and by the people in Upper Silesia. Memel (1923) Memel was/is a port in Lithuania. Most people who lived in Memel were Lithuanians and, therefore, the government of Lithuania believed that the port should be governed by it. However, the Treaty of Versailles had put Memel and the land surrounding the port under the control of the League. For three years, a French general acted as a governor of the port but in 1923 the Lithuanians invaded the port. The League intervened and gave the area surrounding Memel to Lithuania but they made the port an â€Å"international zone†. Lithuania agreed to this decision. Though this can be seen as a League success – as the issue was settled – a counter argument is that what happened was the result of the use of force and that the League responded in a positive manner to those (the Lithuanians) who had used force. Turkey (1923) The League failed to stop a bloody war in Turkey (see League failures) but it did respond to the humanitarian crisis caused by this war. 1,400,000 refugees had been created by this war with 80% of them being women and children. Typhoid and cholera were rampant. The League sent doctors from the Health Organisation to check the spread of disease and it spent  £10 million on building farms, homes etc for the refugees. Money was also invested in  seeds, wells and digging tools and by 1926, work was found for 600,000 people. A member of the League called this work â€Å"the greatest work of mercy which mankind has undertaken.† Greece and Bulgaria (1925) Both these nations have a common border. In 1925, sentries patrolling this border fired on one another and a Greek soldier was killed. The Greek army invaded Bulgaria as a result. The Bulgarians asked the League for help and the League ordered both armies to stop fighting and that the Greeks should pull out of Bulgaria. The League then sent experts to the area and decided that Greece was to blame and fined her  £45,000. Both nations accepted the decision. The failures of the League of Nations Article 11 of the League’s Covenant stated: â€Å"Any war of threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safe guard peace.† Therefore, any conflict between nations which ended in war and the victor of one over the other must be considered a League failure. Italy (1919) In 1919, Italian nationalists, angered that the â€Å"Big Three† had, in their opinion, broken promises to Italy at the Treaty of Versailles, captured the small port of Fiume. This port had been given to Yugoslavia by the Treaty of Versailles. For 15 months, Fiume was governed by an Italian nationalist called d’Annunzio. The newly created League did nothing. The situation was solved by the Italian government who could not accept that d’Annunzio was seemingly more popular than they were – so they bombarded the port of Fiume and enforced a surrender. In all this the League played no part despite the fact that it had just been set up with the specific task of maintaining peace. Teschen (1919) Teschen was a small town between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Its main importance was that it had valuable coal mines there which both the Poles and the Czechs wanted. As both were newly created nations, both wanted to make their respective economies as strong as possible and the acquisition of rich coal mines would certainly help in this respect. In January 1919, Polish and Czech troops fought in the streets of Teschen. Many died. The  League was called on to help and decided that the bulk of the town should go to Poland while Czechoslovakia should have one of Teschen’s suburbs. This suburb contained the most valuable coal mines and the Poles refused to accept this decision. Though no more wholesale violence took place, the two countries continued to argue over the issue for the next twenty years. Vilna (1920) Many years before 1920, Vilna had been taken over by Russia. Historically, Vilna had been the capital of Lithuania when the state had existed in the Middle Ages. After World War One, Lithuania had been re-established and Vilna seemed the natural choice for its capital. However, by 1920, 30% of the population was from Poland with Lithuanians only making up 2% of the city’s population. In 1920, the Poles seized Vilna. Lithuania asked for League help but the Poles could not be persuaded to leave the city. Vilna stayed in Polish hands until the outbreak of World War Two. The use of force by the Poles had won. War between Russia and Poland (1920 to 1921) In 1920, Poland invaded land held by the Russians. The Poles quickly overwhelmed the Russian army and made a swift advance into Russia. By 1921, the Russians had no choice but to sign the Treaty of Riga which handed over to Poland nearly 80,000 square kilometres of Russian land. This one treaty all but doubled the size of Poland. What did the League do about this violation of another country by Poland? The answer is simple – nothing. Russia by 1919 was communist and this â€Å"plague from the East† was greatly feared by the West. In fact, Britain, France and America sent troops to attack Russia after the League had been set up. Winston Churchill, the British War Minister, stated openly that the plan was to strangle Communist Russia at birth. Once again, to outsiders, it seemed as if League members were selecting which countries were acceptable and ones which were not. The Allied invasion of Russia was a failure and it only served to make Communist Russia even more antagonistic to the West. The invasion of the Ruhr (1923) The Treaty of Versailles had ordered Weimar Germany to pay reparations for war damages. These could either be paid in money or in kind (goods to the value of a set amount) In 1922, the Germans failed to pay an installment.  They claimed that they simply could not rather than did not want to. The Allies refused to accept this and the anti-German feeling at this time was still strong. Both the French and the Belgium’s believed that some form of strong action was needed to ‘teach Germany a lesson’. In 1923, contrary to League rules, the French and the Belgium’s invaded the Ruhr – Germany’s most important industrial zone. Within Europe, France was seen as a senior League member – like Britain – and the anti-German feeling that was felt throughout Europe allowed both France and Belgium to break their own rules as were introduced by the League. Here were two League members clearly breaking League rules and nothing was done about it. For the League to enforce its will, it needed the support of its major backers in Europe, Britain and France. Yet France was one of the invaders and Britain was a major supporter of her. To other nations, it seemed that if you wanted to break League rules, you could. Few countries criticised what France and Belgium did. But the example they set for others in future years was obvious. The League clearly failed on this occasion, primarily because it was seen to be involved in breaking its own rules. Italy and Albania (1923) The border between Italy and Albania was far from clear and the Treaty of Versailles had never really addressed this issue. It was a constant source of irritation between both nations. In 1923, a mixed nationality survey team was sent out to settle the issue. Whilst travelling to the disputed area, the Italian section of the survey team, became separated from the main party. The five Italians were shot by gunmen who had been in hiding. Italy accused Greece of planning the whole incident and demanded payment of a large fine. Greece refused to pay up. In response, the Italians sent its navy to the Greek island of Corfu and bombarded the coastline. Greece appealed to the League for help but Italy, lead by Benito Mussolini, persuaded the League via the Conference of Ambassadors, to fine Greece 50 million lire. To follow up this success, Mussolini invited the Yugoslavian government to discuss ownership of Fiume. The Treaty of Versailles had given Fiume to Yugoslavia but with the evidence of a bombarded Corfu, the Yugoslavs handed over the port to Italy with little argument

Essay on Dantes Inferno and Classical Mythology - 1823 Words

Dante’s descent into Hell in Inferno, the first part of his Divine Comedy, tells of the author’s experiences in Hades as he is guided through the abyss by the Roman author, Virgil. The text is broken into cantos that coincide with the different circles and sub-circles of Hell that Dante and Virgil witness and experience. Inferno is heavily influenced by classic Greek and Roman texts and Dante makes references to a myriad of characters, myths, and legends that take place in Virgil’s Aeneid, Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Some of the most important references, however, are the most obvious ones that are easily overlooked simply because of the fact that they are so blatant. Dante is being escorted through Hell by the†¦show more content†¦Virgil does describe the entrance to the underworld in great detail, though. He says that â€Å"the cavern was profound, wide-mouthed, and huge, / Rough underfoot, defended by dark pool / And gloomy forest. Overhead, flying things / Could never safely take their way, such deathly / Exhalations rose from the black gorge / Into the dome of heaven† (Virgil 6.331-6). While there is no reference to a gate in Virgil’s account, Dante may have been using the gate imagery as a way to distinguish his work from the Greco-Roman texts. Inferno is an overtly Christian text and Dante may have used the gate as a way to juxtapose the entrance to Hell in relationship to the Pearly Gates that guard the entrance to Heaven. As Dante and Virgil descend through the underworld they encounter many of the supernatural figures that appear in many of the Greco-Roman texts. Very often these creatures are mentioned in passing, given little more than a line of description. However, in Canto 9, Dante and his guide encounter the three Furies in the sixth circle of Hell and quite a bit of time is given to describing these figures of Greco-Roman mythology. Tobias Foster Gittes explains why the Furies are given more concern by Dante than other mythological characters when he posits that â€Å"since the Furies figure prominently in Virgil’s Aeneid, it is only natural that Dante’s Virgil is quick toShow MoreRelatedHow Dante Achieves a Synthesis Between Narrative and Cultural Elements in His Writing1565 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Aeneid in their depictions of hell in pagan mythology. Analysis There are a host of specific examples from pagan mythology in the Inferno. For instance, in Canto 15, we see Dante leaving the wood of suicides. The people there do not have a chance to assume a new metamorphosis form due the heinousness of the crime of suicide (Aligheri and Lombardo 72). 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